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Ivan III Vasilyevich ((ロシア語:Иван III Васильевич)) (22 January 1440, Moscow – 27 October 1505, Moscow), also known as Ivan the Great,〔(Славянская энциклопедия. ) Киевская Русь — Московия: в 2 т. / Автор-составитель В. В. Богуславский. — М.: ОЛМА-ПРЕСС, 2001. — 5000 экз. — ISBN 5-224-02249-5〕〔Русский биографический словарь — Изд. под наблюдением председателя Императорского Русского Исторического Общества А. А. Половцова. — Санкт-Петербург: тип. Гл. упр. уделов, 1897 (). — Т. 8.〕 was a Grand Prince of Moscow and Grand Prince of all Rus (Великий князь всея Руси). Sometimes referred to as the "gatherer of the Russian lands", he tripled the territory of his state, ended the dominance of the Golden Horde over the Rus, renovated the Moscow Kremlin, and laid the foundations of the Russian state. He was one of the longest-reigning Russian rulers in history. ==Gathering of Russian lands== His first enterprise was a war with the Republic of Novgorod, which had fought a series of wars (stretching back to at least the reign of Dmitry Donskoi) for two reasons: over Moscow's religious and political sovereignty, and over Moscow's efforts to seize land in the Northern Dvina region.〔Michael C. Paul, "Secular Power and the Archbishops of Novgorod up to the Muscovite Conquest," ''Kritika'' (2007) 8#2 pp:131–170.〕 Alarmed at Moscow's growing power, Novgorod had negotiated with Lithuania in the hope of placing itself under the protection of Casimir IV, King of Poland and Grand Prince of Lithuania, a would-be alliance regarded by Moscow as an act of apostasy from orthodoxy.〔Paul, "Secular Power," 261.〕 Ivan took the field against Novgorod in 1470, and after his generals had twice defeated the forces of the republic—at the Battle of Shelon River and on the Northern Dvina, both in the summer of 1471—the Novgorodians were forced to sue for peace, agreeing to abandon their overtures to Lithuania and ceding a considerable portion of their northern territories, and paying a war indemnity of 15,500 roubles. Ivan visited Novgorod Central several times in the next several years, persecuting a number of pro-Lithuanian boyars and confiscating their lands. In 1477, two Novgorodian envoys, claiming to have been sent by the archbishops and the entire city, addressed Ivan in public audience as ''Gosudar'' (sovereign) instead of the usual ''Gospodin'' (sir).〔Paul, "Secular Power," 264.〕 Ivan at once seized upon this as a recognition of his sovereignty, and when the Novgorodians repudiated the envoys (indeed, one was killed at the veche and several others of the pro-Moscow faction were killed with him) and swore openly in front of the Moscow ambassadors that they would turn to Lithuania again, he marched against them. Deserted by Casimir IV and surrounded on every side by the Moscow armies, which occupied the major monasteries around the city, Novgorod ultimately recognized Ivan's direct rule over the city and its vast hinterland in a document signed and sealed by Archbishop Feofil of Novgorod (1470–1480) on 15 January 1478.〔Paul, "Secular Power," 268.〕 Ivan dispossessed Novgorod of over four-fifths of its land, keeping half for himself and giving the other half to his allies.〔Richard Pipes, Russia under the old regime, page 93〕 Subsequent revolts (1479–1488) were punished by the removal en masse of the richest and most ancient families of Novgorod to Moscow, Vyatka, and other central Rus' cities. Archbishop Feofil, too, was removed to Moscow for plotting against the Grand Prince.〔Paul, "Secular Power," 267.〕 The rival republic of Pskov owed the continuance of its own political existence to the readiness with which it assisted Ivan against its ancient enemy. The other principalities were eventually absorbed, be it by conquest, purchase or marriage contract: The Yaroslavl in 1463, Rostov was bought in 1474, Tver in 1485, and Vyatka 1489. Ivan's refusal to share his conquests with his brothers, and his subsequent interference with the internal politics of their inherited principalities, involved him in several wars with them, from which, though the princes were assisted by Lithuania, he emerged victorious. Finally, Ivan's new rule of government, formally set forth in his last will to the effect that the domains of all his kinsfolk, after their deaths, should pass directly to the reigning Grand Duke instead of reverting, as hitherto, to the princes' heirs, put an end once and for all to these semi-independent princelings. Ivan had four brothers. The eldest, Iurii, died childless on 12 September 1472. He only had a draft of a will which said nothing about his land. Ivan seized the land, much to the surviving brothers' fury. He placated them with some land. Boris and Andrei the Elder signed treaties with Vasily in February and September 1473. They agreed to protect each other's land and not have secret dealings with foreign states. They broke this clause in 1480, fleeing to Lithuania. It is unknown if Andrei the Younger signed a treaty. He died in 1481, leaving his lands to Ivan. In 1491 Andrei the Elder was arrested by Ivan for refusing to aid the Crimean Tatars against the Golden Horde. He died in prison in 1493, and Ivan seized his land. In 1494 Boris, the only brother able to pass his land to his sons, died. However, their land reverted to the Tsar upon their deaths in 1503 and 1515 respectively.〔Donald Ostowski, "The Growth of Moscovy, (1462-1533) in Maureen Perrie, ed., ''The Cambridge History of Russia'' (2006) vol. I pages 222–3〕 There was one semi-autonomous prince in Muscovy when Ivan acceded: Prince Mikhail Andreevich of Vereia, who had been awarded an Appanage by Vasily II. In 1478 he was pressured into giving Belozersk to Ivan, who got all of Mikhail's land on his death in 1486.〔Donald Ostowski, The Cambridge History of Russia vol. I page 224〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Ivan III of Russia」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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